TSI ELAR Study Guide
Informational Text Analysis
Informational texts are nonfiction passages written to explain ideas, present information, or make an argument. They may cover science, history, technology, education, or society.
Main ideas and supporting details
To identify the main idea, ask
- What subject does the author focus on?
- What does the author want readers to understand about that subject?
- Which idea connects most of the passage’s important details?
Example
Topic
Abandoned railroad tracks, or urban trails
Main idea
Converting abandoned railroad lines into trails can provide several benefits to urban communities.
Supporting details
Ask how a detail relates to the larger point. If the passage argues that urban trails benefit communities, a statistic showing increased business activity near a new trail is evidence for that claim.
Don’t mistake an interesting detail for the main idea. A detail may get several sentences of attention while still serving a larger point.
Author’s purpose and perspective
Common purposes:
Look at what the author does with the information, not just the subject. Two passages could both discuss electric vehicles:
Passage A
Explains how EV batteries work.
Purpose: to inform
Passage B
Argues that cities should install more public charging stations.
Purpose: to persuade
Author’s perspective
Neutral
The city approved a plan to replace the vacant lot with a public park.
Favorable
Fortunately, the city approved a plan to transform the neglected lot into a much-needed public park.
Ask yourself
What does the author report, and what does the author appear to think about it?
Organization and author’s craft
Informational passages are deliberately organized. Common patterns:
Cause and effect
Why something happened and what resulted.
Compare and contrast
Similarities and differences.
Problem and solution
A problem, then one or more possible fixes.
Sequence
Events or steps in order.
General idea and examples
A broad point, then evidence to develop it.
You rarely need to name the pattern. More often, you need to understand how the parts of the passage work together.
Why is this paragraph here?
A question may ask why the author included a paragraph, example, statistic, or quotation. Think about its function. A paragraph might:
Example
Question: Why include that paragraph?
Answer: The author is acknowledging a challenge or opposing consideration before continuing the argument. Recognizing the paragraph’s function shows how the author constructed the passage.
Claims, evidence, and rhetorical choices
Evidence — facts, statistics, research findings, examples, or expert testimony that support the claim.
Ask yourself
What claim is the author making, and how does this information help support it?
Surprising statistic
Attracts attention.
Example
Makes an abstract idea concrete.
Expert quotation
Adds credibility.
Comparison
Emphasizes differences.
Acknowledging the other side
Sets up a response.
When asked about one of these choices, focus on what it accomplishes within the passage.
Comparing two passages
Some questions present two passages on the same issue and ask where the authors agree or disagree, how their claims relate, or how one would respond to the other. Start by identifying each author’s main claim.
Author 1
Remote work benefits companies because it allows them to recruit employees from a wider geographic area.
Author 2
Remote work has advantages, but companies should maintain offices because in-person interaction can strengthen collaboration.
These authors don’t completely disagree. Both recognize benefits of remote work, but they differ on whether companies should rely heavily on it.
Don’t treat two passages as complete opposites just because their conclusions differ.
How would one author respond?
Don’t guess based on your own opinion. Instead:
The correct answer is something the author could reasonably say based on the passage.
TSI strategy: determine the function
Knowing what a sentence or paragraph says is only the beginning. You also need to determine what it does.
Don’t just ask
What does this part say?
Also ask
What job is this part of the passage performing?
A statistic might provide evidence. A historical example might give background. A paragraph describing an opposing argument might introduce a viewpoint the author plans to challenge.
Before answering detailed questions, identify the author’s main point and purpose. Once you know what the author is trying to accomplish, it’s much easier to see why particular details, paragraphs, evidence, and organizational choices are included.
