Informational Text Analysis

TSI ELAR Study Guide

Informational Text Analysis

Informational texts are nonfiction passages written to explain ideas, present information, or make an argument. They may cover science, history, technology, education, or society.

What to look for: both what the author says and how the author develops the passage — main idea and details, purpose and perspective, organization, and why a particular paragraph or piece of evidence is included. Some questions compare two passages.

Main ideas and supporting details

Main idea — the central point an author communicates about a topic. It may be stated directly, or you may have to determine it from the passage as a whole.

To identify the main idea, ask

  • What subject does the author focus on?
  • What does the author want readers to understand about that subject?
  • Which idea connects most of the passage’s important details?

Example

A passage explains how cities have converted abandoned railroad tracks into walking and biking trails. It describes how the trails provide recreational space, connect neighborhoods, and attract visitors to nearby businesses.

Topic

Abandoned railroad tracks, or urban trails

Main idea

Converting abandoned railroad lines into trails can provide several benefits to urban communities.

Supporting details

Supporting details — facts, examples, statistics, explanations, descriptions, or expert opinions that develop or provide evidence for the main idea.

Ask how a detail relates to the larger point. If the passage argues that urban trails benefit communities, a statistic showing increased business activity near a new trail is evidence for that claim.

⚠ Watch out

Don’t mistake an interesting detail for the main idea. A detail may get several sentences of attention while still serving a larger point.

Author’s purpose and perspective

Purpose — the reason the author wrote the passage.

Common purposes:

to inform or explainto describeto argue or persuadeto compare ideasto analyze a problem

Look at what the author does with the information, not just the subject. Two passages could both discuss electric vehicles:

Passage A

Explains how EV batteries work.

Purpose: to inform

Passage B

Argues that cities should install more public charging stations.

Purpose: to persuade

Author’s perspective

Perspective — the author’s viewpoint or position on a subject. Word choice is the strongest clue.

Neutral

The city approved a plan to replace the vacant lot with a public park.

Favorable

Fortunately, the city approved a plan to transform the neglected lot into a much-needed public park.

Ask yourself

What does the author report, and what does the author appear to think about it?

Organization and author’s craft

Informational passages are deliberately organized. Common patterns:

Cause and effect

Why something happened and what resulted.

Compare and contrast

Similarities and differences.

Problem and solution

A problem, then one or more possible fixes.

Sequence

Events or steps in order.

General idea and examples

A broad point, then evidence to develop it.

You rarely need to name the pattern. More often, you need to understand how the parts of the passage work together.

Why is this paragraph here?

A question may ask why the author included a paragraph, example, statistic, or quotation. Think about its function. A paragraph might:

introduce the main ideaprovide an exampleoffer evidenceexplain a cause or effectpresent an opposing viewaddress an objectionshow how two ideas differgive background

Example

An author argues that starting school later would benefit teenagers. After explaining research about teenage sleep patterns, the author includes a paragraph acknowledging that later start times could create transportation and after-school scheduling problems.

Question: Why include that paragraph?

Answer: The author is acknowledging a challenge or opposing consideration before continuing the argument. Recognizing the paragraph’s function shows how the author constructed the passage.

Claims, evidence, and rhetorical choices

Claim — a position or conclusion the author wants readers to accept.
Evidence — facts, statistics, research findings, examples, or expert testimony that support the claim.

Ask yourself

What claim is the author making, and how does this information help support it?

An author argues that a city should plant more trees along its streets. A study showing that tree-covered areas have lower summer temperatures provides evidence for one benefit of the proposal.
Rhetorical choices — decisions about how to present information to achieve a particular effect.

Surprising statistic

Attracts attention.

Example

Makes an abstract idea concrete.

Expert quotation

Adds credibility.

Comparison

Emphasizes differences.

Acknowledging the other side

Sets up a response.

When asked about one of these choices, focus on what it accomplishes within the passage.

Comparing two passages

Some questions present two passages on the same issue and ask where the authors agree or disagree, how their claims relate, or how one would respond to the other. Start by identifying each author’s main claim.

Author 1

Remote work benefits companies because it allows them to recruit employees from a wider geographic area.

Author 2

Remote work has advantages, but companies should maintain offices because in-person interaction can strengthen collaboration.

These authors don’t completely disagree. Both recognize benefits of remote work, but they differ on whether companies should rely heavily on it.

⚠ Watch out

Don’t treat two passages as complete opposites just because their conclusions differ.

How would one author respond?

Don’t guess based on your own opinion. Instead:

1Identify the claim being discussed.
2Determine the first author’s established position.
3Choose the response most consistent with that position.

The correct answer is something the author could reasonably say based on the passage.

TSI strategy: determine the function

Knowing what a sentence or paragraph says is only the beginning. You also need to determine what it does.

Don’t just ask

What does this part say?

Also ask

What job is this part of the passage performing?

A statistic might provide evidence. A historical example might give background. A paragraph describing an opposing argument might introduce a viewpoint the author plans to challenge.

🔑 Key tip

Before answering detailed questions, identify the author’s main point and purpose. Once you know what the author is trying to accomplish, it’s much easier to see why particular details, paragraphs, evidence, and organizational choices are included.

Informational Text Analysis Review Quiz